Henlein & Co. Building (former)

General

More images…

Also known as

H F Henlein & Co. Building; Henlein & Co. Ltd Building; Henleins Building

Classification

State Heritage

Register status

Entered

Date entered

21 October 1992

Type

Retail, Wholesale, Services: Combined retail, offices and warehousing

Theme

3.8 Developing secondary and tertiary industries: Marketing, retailing and service industries

Architect

Eaton, Bates & Polin

Construction period

1902, Henlein & Co. Building (former)

Historical period

1900–1914 Early 20th century

Location

Address

408-410 Flinders Street, Townsville

LGA

Townsville City Council

Coordinates

-19.26129198, 146.81609069

Significance

Criterion AThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland’s history.

Henlein & Co. Building (former), as rare surviving physical evidence of the commercial activities of Jewish immigrants, many of whom conducted businesses contributing to Queensland’s commercial development during the colonial period and early 20th century, is important in demonstrating the Jewish diaspora in Queensland. The building (constructed 1902) retains original and early interior fabric and surviving original features of the facade.

History

Henlein & Co. Building (former), located at 408-410 Flinders Street, Townsville, is a two-storey, brick warehouse. It was purpose-built in 1902 for Townsville merchants, H F Henlein & Co. (established 1894) and occupied by the business for 28 years. H F Henlein & Co. and its subsequent companies conducted by Henry Frederick Henlein and his brother Sigismund, Jewish migrants from Germany, operated in North Queensland until c1930. The building is rare known surviving physical evidence of the commercial activities of Jewish immigrants in Queensland before the 1930s.

Sited on the traditional lands of the Gurambilbarra Wulgurukaba People,[1] Townsville was established in 1864 as a service centre and port for pastoral settlers in the region. Located on the western shore of Cleveland Bay on the banks of Ross Creek, the settlement was ideally situated for trade to and from its hinterland. The port of Townsville was proclaimed a ‘Port of Entry and Clearance’ in 1865 and a small customs service established there. The first sale of Townsville allotments occurred in 1865 and the settlement was proclaimed a town in 1866. Flinders Street, near the early wharves, became the principal commercial street of the settlement.

Townsville continued to grow during the remainder of the 19th century, becoming ‘the major commercial, social, ecclesiastical, legal, medical and education centre for the entire region of North Queensland from Bowen to Cape York’,[2] and was declared a city in 1902. A series of factors during the 19th century stimulated Townsville’s continued development and population growth. These were: discovery of gold in Townsville’s hinterland at Cape River (1867), Ravenswood (1868) and later at Charters Towers (1871);[3] the establishment of a railway (commenced in 1879) from Townsville to Charters Towers (1882), Hughenden (1887), and ultimately to Mount Isa (1929); and the development of an artificial outer harbour to overcome the shallow depth of the port by 1900.[4] Around the turn of 20th century, these factors and the construction of the Victoria Bridge (between 1887 and 1889) linking both sides of Ross Creek, also led to the extension westward of the town’s commercial activity along Flinders Street towards the Townsville Railway Station [QHR 600906].[5]

Establishment of H F Henlein & Co.
H F Henlein & Co. commenced operations in North Queensland in 1894, with Henry, as its senior partner, in partnership with his brother Sigismund. In May that year, Henry Henlein relocated from Brisbane to Townsville to act as the agent for West End Brewery, which was based in Brisbane. H F Henlein & Co. was first registered as a wholesale spirit dealer in Townsville in September 1894 and by December that year, the business also operated from Messrs Newman’s auction building in Charters Towers. By February 1895, the business had received its first licences to sell tobacco ‒ in Charters Towers and Townsville. By January 1896, H F Henlein & Co. operated as wine, spirit, and general merchants, insurance and forwarding agents, had voting rights on the newly formed Townsville Harbour Board, which commenced operations on 1 January 1896.[6] By 1901, H F Henlein & Co. supplied alcohol to hotels from Ayr to Burketown to western Queensland and, at the end of the year, successfully tendered to supply the refreshment room at Reid River Railway Station for the Queensland Railways Department.[7]

Both Henlein brothers had migrated to New South Wales (NSW) in the early 1880s. Henry Frederick Henlein arrived in Australia as a saloon passenger on the SS Liguria from London to Sydney in September 1881.[8] In Sydney, he established H F Henlein & Co., importing general goods described as ‘cottonware’,[9] and ‘clay goods and hollow glass…from Hamburg’.[10] Henry’s brother, Sigismund, joined him in NSW in 1883, as a representative of a continental firm dealing in cloth or soft goods. Born circa 1857 and 1862 respectively, these Jewish brothers came from Frankfurt-am-Main or nearby Wiesbaden, Germany.[11]

Henry Henlein’s business venture in NSW failed in 1884. In April that year, he was charged with insolvency in the NSW Supreme Court by his creditors Sir Benjamin Samuel Phillips, Knight, Samuel Henry Phillips, and George Faudel Phillips of London, England, who operated the firm Faudel, Phillips & Sons, merchants of London. This action resulted in Henry Henlein being declared bankrupt in 1885.[12]

In May 1884, Henry travelled from Sydney to Townsville[13] and at some time before May 1887, Henry had commenced another chapter in his life, initially travelling throughout Queensland as a representative of Quinlan Gray & Co., brewers, and later as the company’s ‘town representative’, based in Brisbane. This business formed in 1878 with Gray as managing partner, and established a brewery at Milton in Brisbane in conjunction with E and N Fitzgerald of Victoria. In 1887, the businesses amalgamated into the public company, Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan Gray & Co. Brisbane Ltd. Sigismund Henlein also worked as a representative of this company by July 1888; travelling widely in Queensland, as well as acting as its representative in Toowoomba for some years.[14]

Henlein & Co. Building
From c1895, H F Henlein & Co.’s premises were located on the ‘left-hand side’ of Flinders Street between Stanley and Blackwood Streets, the last building before the Blackwood Street intersection. From May 1902 until its closure about 1930, H F Henlein & Co. and its subsequent companies occupied the purpose-built H F Henlein & Co. Building on the southern side of Flinders Street between Stokes and Stanley Streets (now 408-410 Flinders Street).[15]

The former Henlein & Co. Building, a commercial warehouse, was purpose-built for H F Henlein & Co, although owned by Townsville businessman, Henry Abbott. The building was designed by architecture firm, Eaton, Bates & Polin, established in Rockhampton c1894 and operating as Eaton and Bates until 1901. They conducted an extensive architecture practice in the early 20th century, with branches across Queensland producing a diverse range of building types. Tenders were received in October 1901 and the building was sufficiently completed for a seven-year lease between Abbott and H F Henlein & Co. to be signed on 1 May 1902, implying that the building was at least partially occupied from that time.[16]

Numerous commercial warehouse buildings were constructed in the Federation period across Queensland. These buildings shared common characteristics including: a central, commercial location near other retail and commercial premises and goods transport services/routes (train, wharf, road, etc); and solid, secure construction of typically loadbearing masonry walls and large timber, steel, or iron internal posts and beams, supporting timber-framed floors with herringbone bracing between joists to support heavy, shifting loads. They also typically had highly decorative front elevations, contrasting with plain other elevations, as well as security measures, such as barred windows. They were functional buildings, laid out with a small front section used for retailing or welcoming customers (typically wholesale buyers), accessed from the street. The largest portion of the buildings was for warehousing, comprising robust, large, and open goods storage spaces, secured and indirectly lit to protect goods, that would be goods-specific if necessary (such as cellaring for alcohol). They usually had a relatively small office space for administration, and a despatching section with rear or side access from a loading yard via loading doors, goods lift, chute, or winch.[17]

When completed, the building for H F Henlein & Co. shared these characteristics. Centrally located, it fronted Townsville’s main retail street, Flinders Street, and was near the wharves and railway station. It was a loadbearing brick structure[18] of two storeys with a basement, built up to the Flinders Street and side boundaries. It had an open area at the rear used as a service yard, accessed from Ogden Street (originally named Flinders Lane). Its timber-framed gable roof was clad with corrugated metal sheets, and had tall, conical ridge ventilators. The front facade was elaborately decorative, featuring face brick walls, cement render decorative treatments, raised cement render letters ‘H.F. HENLEIN & CO’ on the building’s first floor frieze, a tall central pediment above the parapet, and an arched, recessed ground floor main entrance reached by steps up from the footpath. It had timber sash windows in the ground and first floor levels, secured with iron bars. Through its large, arched front door with multi-paned side and fan lights, the ground floor was almost double-height. It had a timber board floor and through the middle of the space ran a line of large timber posts supporting the timber-framed floors with herringbone bracing above. The first floor was also a very tall space, and it is not known if it had a ceiling or its roof frames were exposed. The basement was a low space with a line of heavy timber posts supporting the braced floor above. The rear yard was at the same level as the basement floor.[19]

Henlein family
The Henlein brothers, like many Jewish migrants to Queensland from the 1860s up to the 1930s, adopted the Britishness[20] dominant in Australian society and became involved in the Townsville community. Henry Henlein was naturalised as a British subject on 22 August 1894 and his brother followed suit in 1902. In 1895, both Henry, age 38, and his brother Sigmund, age 33, became eligible to vote in Queensland based on the value of their residences on The Strand. Henry was involved in community activities in both Brisbane and Townsville from the 1890s. Between 1890 and 1892 he held the rank of acting lieutenant in the Kennedy Regiment of the Queensland Defence Force (Land). Henry also served as a Justice of the Peace from 1899. In 1901, Henry endowed a commencing scholarship at the Toowoomba Grammar School and served as a trustee at the school from 1909 to 1911. He was a member of the Townsville Central State School Committee from 1907 to 1911. Henry was a committee member of the Townsville Turf Club, based at Cluden Racecourse, in 1904 and 1905 and served as one of its totalisator stewards in 1906. Sigismund was less involved in community and philanthropic activities, but was a Vice-President of the Townsville Australian Natives’ Association Band in 1913, and like his brother took an avid interest in horse racing and was a Townsville Turf Club member.[21]

Nevertheless, the Henlein brothers also upheld non-British connections. In April 1893, Henry chaired the committee of German residents in Brisbane, organising a public reception for the Archduke of Austria who was touring Australasia. In 1910, Henry was appointed vice-consul of the Netherlands at Townsville, and Sigismund was appointed to this position in his brother’s place from December 1911.[22]

Both brothers married and raised families in Townsville. Sigismund married Harriet Goldring, a member of Toowoomba’s Jewish community, in the Toowoomba Synagogue in 1897, and their marriage resulted in four children. Henry married Jeannie Long in 1899 and two sons were born to them, in 1900 and 1910.[23] The brothers were known to be Jewish.[24] The families both resided near Townsville’s city centre.[25] After Henry died in Brisbane in May 1911, The Telegraph newspaper described him as a ‘highly respected northern man’[26] and ‘a popular business man in the north…well known and highly respected by commercial houses in Brisbane’[27] A large group of well-connected mourners attended his funeral, which was conducted with Church of England rites.[28]

Following Henry’s death, Sigismund continued in business, converting H F Henlein & Co. into the limited liability company, Henlein & Co. Ltd, registered on 10 October 1911. This company was established with capital of 30,000 one-pound shares. The principal shareholders were Sigismund Henlein (merchant; 9999 shares), Hyman Goldring (accountant; 9999 shares), Jacob Leu (solicitor; 9999 shares) and Jeannie Henlein (Henry’s widow; 500 shares).[29]

Despite the loss of its senior partner, Henlein & Co. Ltd persisted and grew. The company continued to trade in wholesale wine spirits, as well as other merchandise, including wool in 1913.[30] By 1921, Henlein & Co. advertised as ‘Wine, Spirit, Produce and General Merchants, Commission and Forwarding Agents, Townsville, stocking all the leading brands in wines, spirits and groceries’.[31] In 1921, Henlein & Co. Ltd purchased the Henlein & Co. Building from its owner, Henry Abbott.[32]

However, in October 1924 the company went into voluntary liquidation resulting in a regrouping of the business rather than its end, and the sale of the Henlein & Co. Building to the English, Scottish & Australian Bank (ES&A Bank) in 1925. In March 1926, a new limited liability company, Henleins Ltd, was established with £50,000 capital. Through a five-year lease from 1 August 1926, Henleins Ltd continued to share the Henlein & Co. Building with the ES&A Bank and occupied 75 per cent of the 20-perch (1000m2) property.[33] Prior to this, in September 1925, Sigismund and several family members also established Innisfail Stores Ltd at Innisfail, in conjunction with the Moran family. This company traded as retail and wholesale merchants, grocers, fruiterers, amongst other things. By 1928, Henleins Ltd was also operating as a bonded warehouse in Townsville, one of 22 bonded warehouses in Queensland in that year; four of which were located in Townsville.[34]

Following Sigismund’s death in September 1928, Henleins Ltd was wound up by May 1931,[35] and most likely quit the building by May 1930. The Henlein name continued in the company name Frasers Henleins Ltd, registered on 3 May 1930 and most likely formed through buy-out of Henleins Ltd. Frasers Henleins Ltd (later Fraser Henleins Pty Ltd) based in Sturt Street, Townsville, traded as wholesale merchants in North Queensland until c1946.[36]

The Henlein brothers operated as merchants for more than 30 years in the competitive North Queensland market. Between 1895 and 1918, there were between six and 17 wholesale spirit dealer licences held in Townsville each year, with more based in other towns in North Queensland (rising to 58 in 1914).[37] The company was named as one of the 17 leading mercantile houses in Townsville in 1921[38] and in 1928 the Daily Mercury newspaper in Mackay described the company as a ‘well-known mercantile firm’;[39] while more recently Townsville historian Dorothy Gibson-Wilde called H F Henlein & Co. a leading Townsville liquor wholesaler.[40]

Jewish migration to Queensland
Jewish people were resident in the Colony of Queensland from the 1860s.[41] Their population rose from 49 in 1861 (0.16% of the total population) to a 19th century peak of 809 in 1891 (0.21% of Queensland population), before falling to 733 in 1901 (0.15% of Queensland’s population of 498,129), before rising again from the 1910s due to events in Europe.[42]

The Henlein brothers were members of a small Jewish community in Townsville, which comprised 11 males and 12 females in 1901. The Townsville community made up 3.14% of the total Jewish population in Queensland of 733, and 0.005% of the state’s total population, in 1901.[43] Oral history states that a room in the home of fellow Jewish man, Sama (original surname: Hillel), who resided nearby at 14 Kennedy Terrace, served as a meeting place for Jewish worship in Townsville.[44] Throughout the 19th century, the majority of Queensland’s Jewish population lived in Brisbane (422 of 733 or 57.3% in 1901), [45] forming the nucleus of the Brisbane Hebrew Congregation founded in Brisbane in 1865.[46] A smaller congregation resided in Toowoomba and established Queensland’s first synagogue in 1876, while Brisbane’s much larger synagogue was consecrated on 18 July 1886.[47] The remainder of the Jewish population was scattered across the colony.[48]

Queensland’s early Jewish community (1860s-1920s) assimilated into the wider community. They strongly supported the British Empire and its monarchy, and adopted Britishness.[49] In Brisbane, the presence of a Jewish congregation from 1864 assists identification of its members.[50] Jewish migrants living outside Brisbane usually worked as hawkers, pedlars, or storekeepers in small country towns.[51] Others were tradespeople and merchants, who were often self-employed.[52] According to Jennifer Creese, author of Jewish Life in Queensland: Celebrating 150 years since 1865, in regional Queensland, it is ‘hard to track colonial Jewish business owners because there is very little reliable way to identify them as Jewish because the communities were so small … and often the businessmen convert[ed], or marr[ied] Christians, or [didn’t] record their faith so they [could] fit in’.[53]

As a result, there is little known physical evidence of Jewish people and Jewish-owned commercial buildings in regional and country towns of colonial Queensland during the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century. The Jewish Synagogue in Toowoomba was demolished c1929 after loss of its congregation.[54] The main evidence of the Jewish presence in regional and country Queensland is Jewish gravestones in cemeteries.[55]

Extant business/commercial properties purpose-built for Jewish business people from this period in Queensland are few. Regional and country places identified are: the former Henlein & Co. Building, Townsville; the Australian Hotel, Boonah (built by the Blumberg brothers and run by Adolphus and Levi Blumberg, and Levi’s wife Elizabeth from 1888 to 1903); and the Royal Hotel, Mt Usher Road, Bouldercombe, Central Queensland, which was built for Samuel Heiser in 1897 and operated by him.[56]

Even in Brisbane, known extant commercial buildings that accommodated Jewish businesses (but were not purpose-built for them) are limited to: The Alderley Arms Hotel, Samford Road, Brisbane (opened 1889), which in 1902 was owned and run by Solomon Lipstein, a well-known Jewish publican and long-time resident of Rockhampton and Pimpama; and the Allan & Stark Annex, Brisbane [QHR 600162 Myer Store (former)], which was built by Thomas Illidge as an investment property in 1881. The first tenant was Jonas M Myers, fancy goods merchant, and also lay leader of the Brisbane Hebrew Congregation.[57]

English, Scottish & Australian Bank Changes
Established in Queensland in 1889, the English, Scottish & Australian (ES&A) Bank operated only a Brisbane branch until 1906, when it expanded into rural and regional Queensland. Following its purchase of the Henlein & Co. Building in 1925, the ES&A Bank shared occupancy of the Henlein & Co. Building until 1942.[58]

During the bank’s use of the Henlein & Co. Building, a number of changes were made to the building. The raised cement render letters ‘H.F. HENLEIN & CO’ were cut off the building’s first floor frieze, and four painted signs ‘English Scottish & Australian Bank Limited’ were added to the building’s front. It is possible a bank vault was added into the basement for this occupation or had pre-existed.

Carfoots Pty Ltd Changes
In July 1938, the ES&A Bank leased the Henlein & Co. Building to Carfoots Pty Ltd, furniture dealers, for ten years.[59] At the time, this business was described as having ‘built up a State-wide trade as wholesale suppliers of furniture to [Queensland] provincial stores’ and traded as far south as Lismore before entering the retail furniture market in Townsville in 1934. Their existing retail space nearby had become inadequate, so plans were prepared by March 1938 for the Henlein building to be refurbished to include a shop and warehouse for Carfoots, in addition to the bank branch. This would include ‘modern showrooms on two floors with basement accommodation, and a factory adjunct at the rear’, although the latter does not appear to have been accommodated at opening.[60] The showrooms were to have 5500 feet (1676m) of show space and were to be ‘elaborately fitted up, with an attractive frontage and cantilever awning’.[61] Tenders for the remodelling were called from February 1938 by Brisbane-based architects G H M Addison and Son & H S MacDonald in association with Townsville architects Walter and Maurice Hunt.[62]

At its opening day in December 1938, Carfoots’ new premises was described as comprising ‘the whole of the basement, the big part of the ground floor of the building, the large upstairs portion, a spacious mezzanine floor and considerable shed and ground accommodation for packing and handling of delivery’. [63]

The building’s elaborate face brick and cement render street front was altered to facilitate the conversion of the building to a retail shop. This included adding a large footpath awning the full width of the frontage, top hung from the building, and demolishing the front wall below this for the occupants’ new entrances. Carfoots' new 5m (17’) wide frontage, approximately half the building’s total frontage, included a large show window and marble tiled vestibule entrance that extended 12m (40’) from the footpath into the ground floor space. This likely required the demolition of the original floor structure of the ground floor here, and rebuilding it a lower level closer to that of the footpath. Carfoots’ ground floor showroom was approximately 21m (72’) long, and on one side were staff offices. Above the entrance vestibule and show window was a new mezzanine level between ground and first floors, used for storage. A stair led to the first floor, which accommodated a 9m x 27m (30’ x 90’) showroom with ‘large windows and casements’. The basement and rear storage sections of the building were said to ‘extend right back to Ogden-street’, accommodating ‘general purposes such as temporary storage, packing, and arrangements of delivery’.[64]

These descriptions of the size of the building do not correlate with the footprint of the brick building that survives in 2024, which is only approximately 20m long (Carfoots’ ground floor is described as 34m (112’) long with further rooms behind). This indicates that by this time the building included rear sections for further accommodation, which may have been original or additions.

Occupation of the building by Carfoots and the ES&A Bank was interrupted during World War II (WWII) when the building was requisitioned for use as a United States Armed Forces Post Office (APO 922), from April 1942 until July 1944. Due to the rapid advance of Japanese forces in the Pacific after December 1941, Townsville became a major staging point for the Allied war effort in the Pacific from 1942. The city’s population increased from about 30,000 to approximately 90,000-100,000. The lack of materials and labour available to the Allies, meant commercial buildings and private homes in Townsville were requisitioned for military purposes. Buildings located in the city centre were close to telecommunication facilities and essential services and many US and Australian military units were based there. During this time, it appears that the vault in the basement of the Henlein & Co. Building was used as a dark room.[65]

Following WWII, the Henlein & Co. Building was sold to Jack Nicolas Parpoutis in September 1947. In December 1948, he extended the lease to Carfoots for a further 10 years. However, in February 1954, the building was sold to Carfoots Pty Ltd for use by the company and Sunshine Taxis. At this time, the building was described as having a 50m (165’) depth ‘to Odgen Street’, which correlates to the entire length of the allotment.[66]

In 1961, a four-storey concrete and concrete block extension was built over the rear half of the site, accommodating an expansion of Carfoots to occupy all areas of the premises. Designed by Brisbane-based architects Goodsir & Carlyle, the new building required the demolition of an earlier structure (called the ‘Linoleum Department’) attached to the rear of the original main building (age unknown). Other changes were made to the main building, including demolishing its brick rear wall on all levels to connect through to the new building, demolishing interior stairs and office partitions on the ground floor, and demolishing the basement toilets and adding a new concrete basement floor. By this time, the 1938 Flinders Street frontage had been replaced with a single, recessed entrance with large show windows, likely performed c1954.[67]

Best & Less changes and later
A new phase in the building’s life commenced in the 1970s. The property was sold to Carricks Limited in September 1976, and quickly resold in May 1977, to clothing retailer Best & Less (Fairfield) Pty Ltd, which operated from the building until c2006.[68]

To modernise the shop front for the Best & Less occupation, in c1977 the frontage was again demolished and replaced.[69] By this time, the front facade had been painted and its first floor timber double-hung windows had been replaced with metal-framed glass louvres. Most of the basement’s timber posts and beams had been demolished and replaced with large concrete posts and beams in new locations of longer spans. It is possible at this time that the basement floor was also concreted. A fire-rated ceiling was added to the ground floor, concealing the timber-framed floor structure of the first floor, and the non-original mezzanines were demolished. A new concrete stair and concrete block stairwell were added to one side of the ground floor, leading up to the first floor, and a suspended ceiling was added to the first floor.[70]

In 2006 the interior was refurbished to accommodate a new fit out, with new partitions constructed throughout the ground floor.

After 2006, the shop front was again demolished and replaced with aluminium-framed hinged doors and fixed windows forming two entrances, one into the ground floor, and one to a stairwell to the first floor, which operated as separate tenancies to the ground floor. The first floor was partitioned into small offices and a suspended ceiling was installed throughout. This ceiling obscured an earlier, coved, timber beaded-board-lined ceiling with lattice vents and iron tie rods.

From September 2019, part of the ground floor and part of the basement was leased to an art studio and gallery.[71] Around 2023, further modern partitions were added to the first floor to accommodate a new multi-tenancy occupation.

In 2024, the Henlein & Co. Building (former) is used for multiple tenancies, and an art gallery and studio. While the building has been used as a multi-tenancy commercial building for many years, it retains original features from its warehouse use. Purpose-built for H F Henlein & Co., the building is rare, known, surviving physical evidence of the commercial activities of Jewish people in Queensland before the 1930s.

Description

Henlein & Co. Building (former) (1902) is a two-storey, brick and timber-framed warehouse with basement, fronting Flinders Street in central Townsville. It stands on half of a long and narrow allotment, which extends to a rear service lane, Ogden Street. A four storey, concrete and concrete block building (built c1961) stands on the rear half of the allotment abutting the Henlein & Co. Building and is outside the cultural heritage boundary.

Although Henlein & Co. Building (former) has been altered for later non-significant uses, it retains fabric and features of its original warehouse use of state-level cultural heritage significance. It is rectangular in plan form, with loadbearing brick perimeter walls built to the allotment boundaries. It retains areas of original, timber floor structure of the ground and first floor, comprising heavy posts and beams, cross bracing between joists to support shifting loads, and timber floorboards. It has a timber-framed gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheets, although it has lost its original, metal-sheet ridge ventilators. It retains a section of its original, elaborately decorated, face brick and cement render facade, although it has been altered and partly demolished. The interior spaces have been altered to accommodate later, non-significant uses and its original brick rear wall has been entirely demolished, including the parapet above the roofline.

Features of Henlein & Co. Building (former) of state-level cultural heritage significance include:

• two-storey form with basement level;
• original loadbearing brick perimeter walls, and face brick walls at the Flinders Street end of the basement forming a small ‘room’ and its vaulted, brick ceiling (a remnant of structure formerly supporting the original recessed front entrance above);
• original features of facade, including brick wall and engaged piers (originally face brick), cement render dressings (originally unpainted), arched window openings and their iron bars, and remnants of large arched entrance opening and flanking square-headed window openings;
• original timber gable roof framing;
• original heavy timber posts and beams of basement and ground floor;
• original timber floor framing with cross bracing between joists of ground and first floors (some are obscured behind later linings), and timber floor boards;
• early, possibly original coved beaded board ceiling and iron tie rods of first floor; and
• early, possibly original basement vault, iron doors, and all associated features, excluding modern alterations for adjacent concrete block stair.

Features of Henlein & Co. Building (former) not of state-level cultural heritage significance are all alterations made and fabric introduced after 1902, including:

• alterations to the facade, including: awning; paint; all fabric forming the street frontage at ground level; infill material and glazing to original arched entrance and flanking ground floor windows; and first floor window sashes (louvres and arched, fixed fanlight);  
• all roof cladding and rain water goods, including metal roof sheets, gutters, flashings, and downpipes;
• concrete basement floor, posts, and beams, and concrete floors of ground floor;
• non-original timber floor framing and steel posts;
• all partitions, doors, and stairs;
• all wall linings, including remnant early plaster wall finishes, and modern plasterboard and suspended grid ceilings; and
• all services, including electrical and HVAC systems, fixtures, fittings, and cables.

References

[1] Queensland Heritage Register (QHR) 602719 Ross River Meatworks Chimney; Department of Seniors, Disability Services, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships (DSDSATSIP), Cultural Heritage Database and Register, <https://culturalheritage.datsip.qld.gov.au/achris/public/public-registry/home>, accessed 18 Apr 2024; Australian Native Title Tribunal, Registered Native Title Claim Tribunal ID: QC2016/007, <http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleRegisters/Pages/RNTC_details.aspx?NNTT_Fileno=QC2016/007>, accessed 18 Apr 2024.
[2] Dorothy M Gibson-Wilde and Bruce C Gibson-Wilde, A Pattern of Pubs: Hotels of Townsville 1864-1914, History Department, James Cook University, Townsville, 1988, p.1.
[3] Thom Blake, ‘Townsville CBD Heritage Survey: A Report for the Townsville City Council’, Jul 1999, p.1; Woods Bagot P/L & Dorothy Gibson-Wilde, ‘Urban Conservation Study for Townsville City Council v1, Study Overview and Recommendations’, Dec 1993, p.4; QHR 601385 State Government Offices (former); ‘Townsville 1901-2003’, <https://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/about-townsville/history-and-heritage/townsville-history/townsville-1901-2003>, accessed 22 May 2024; QHR 600937 Townsville Customs House; QHR 650010 Ravenswood Mining Landscape; QHR 602668 Aldborough; QHR 602719 Ross River Meatworks Chimney.
[4] By the end of the century, the harbour provided 6.7m at low water, although the entrance channel provided only 4.57m. L W Bates, ‘Report on the Rivers and Harbours of Queensland’, QVP 1898, 4: p.353 and Annual Report, Harbours and Marine Department: 1893, 1900 cited by Glen Lewis, A History of the Ports of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press, 1973, pp.102-103.
[5] Australian Handbook 1903 cited by Queensland Places: Townsville, <https://queenslandplaces.com.au/townsville>, accessed 22 May 2024; Trisha Fielding, Queen City of the North: A History of Townsville, Townsville: Trisha Anne Fielding, 2016, pp.10-11.
[6] West End Brewing was a Brisbane-based brewery. (‘Publican’s Presentation’, Telegraph, 16 May 1894, p.6.); QGG 1894, no 54, vol LXII, 8 Sep 1894, p.529; ‘Commercial & Industrial’, The Queenslander, 29 Dec 1894, p.1227. (Messrs Newman’s building was Messrs A M Newman & Co’s Auction Rooms in Charters Towers.); QGG 1895, no 41, Vol LXIII, 16 Feb 1895, p.409; QGG 1895, no 41, Vol LXIII, 16 Feb 1895, p.410. Under the Tobacco Act 1894, a licence was required to sell tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes. (‘Tobacco Licenses’, The Telegraph, 25 Jun 1894, p.2); Queensland Post Office Directory (QPOD) 1896; Wise 1901 Directory Queensland, p.xvii; ‘Townsville Advertisements’, Wise 1901 Directory Queensland, p.545; ‘Townsville Harbour Board’, The Northern Miner, 30 Jan 1896, p.3. The Townsville Harbour Board was formed under the Townsville Harbour Board Act. The number of votes of each Townsville Harbour Board member was based on the amount of harbour dues the business had paid in the previous year. H F Henlein & Co. was entitled to two votes due to the business’ payment of £50-£99 per annum in dues. Henlein & Co. remained a member in 1898.
[7] ‘Among Sugar Growers’, The North Queensland Register, 18 Nov 1901, p.15; ‘Local and General’, The Evening Telegraph (Charters Towers), 13 Dec 1901, p.2. Reid River Railway Station is on the Great Northern Railway Line to Mount Isa, via Charters Towers. Disaster had struck H F Henlein & Co. in late January 1896, when Cyclone Sigma hit Townsville and seriously damaged the firm’s premises, the business continued trading, as Henlein, O’Sullivan & Coy,. wine and spirit merchants and general importers, at Townsville and Charters Towers by August 1896. However, by September 1897 the firm was again trading as H F Henlein & Co. and in November 1897 the firm closed its Charters Towers’ office. (‘Storm Sigma’, The Telegraph, 31 Jan 1896, p.5; The Northern Miner: ‘General Destruction’, 3 Feb 1896, p.3; ‘Advertising’, 15 Aug 1896, p.2; ‘Advertising’, 1 Sep 1897, p.3; ‘Advertising’, 9 Nov 1897, p.3.) O’Sullivan of Henlein, O’Sullivan & Co. was most likely R P O’Sullivan who had been the West End Brewery Company representative on Henlein & Co’s staff in Charters Towers in 1894. (‘Commercial and Industrial’, The Queenslander, 29 Dec 1894, p.1227.)
[8] ‘Arrival of the SS Liguria, Evening News, 31 Aug 1811, p.2. Saloon class passage was equivalent to first class. (Matthew Wills, ‘Separate Spheres on Narrow Boats: Victorians At Sea’, 22 Nov 2021, online <https://daily.jstor.org/separate-spheres-on-narrow-boats-victorians-at-sea/>, accessed 11 Jul 2024.)
[9] ‘Imports – August 21’, Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), 23 Aug 1883, p.6.
[10] ‘Imports – September 25’, SMH, 26 Sep 1883, p.6.
[11] ‘Overland Passenger Traffic’, SMH, 3 May 1883, p.7; ‘The Late Mr H F Henlein’, The Telegraph, 16 May 1911,p. 11; ‘Obituary’, The Brisbane Courier (BC), 6 Sep 1928, p.19; ‘Mrs S [sic] Henlein’, The Week (Brisbane), 14 Sep 1928, p.23. Henry Frederick Henlein’s death certificate records his parents as Max Henlein and Rosie (nee Rosenthal) and his place of birth as Schwalback [sic], Germany, which is about 13km northeast of Frankfurt-am-Main. (Queensland Death Certificate No.18079 in Queensland State Archives (QSA) ITM2025433, ‘Will of H F Henlein’.) Wiesbaden is approximately 35km west of Frankfurt.   
[12] ‘In Insolvency’, New South Wales Government Gazette (NSWGG), 24 Apr 1885, p.2857; ‘In Insolvency’, NSWGG, 17 Mar 1885, Issue no 107, p.1727; ‘Compulsory Sequestration’, Australian Town & Country Journal, 14 Mar 1885, p.42; Joseph Jacobs Goodman Lipkind, ‘Phillips, Sir Benjamin Samuel’, <jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12100-phillips-sir-benjamin-samuel>, accessed 21 May 2024. Sir Benjamin Phillips, a Jewish man, served an alderman and later Lord Mayor of London as well as undertaking numerous philanthropic activities for which he was knighted by Queen Victoria.
[13] ‘Clearances’, SMH, 5 May 1884, p.6.
[14] ‘Shipping Intelligence’, Telegraph, 23 May 1887, p.4; 'Shipping', Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay & Burnett Advertiser, 3 Aug 1887, p.2; ‘Lowood’, Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald & General Advertiser, 18 Mar 1890, p.5; ‘Shipping Intelligence’, Telegraph, 19 Sep 1887, p.4; ‘Shipping’ BC, 25 Aug 1890, p.3; ‘Shipping’, BC, 20 Oct 1890. p.3; Betty Crouchley, 'Gray, George Wilkie (1844–1924)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, <https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gray-george-wilkie-6463/text11067>, published first in hardcopy 1983, accessed online 23 May 2024; QHR 602684 Castlemaine Perkins Ltd Building (former); ‘Mr S Henlein Dead’, The Telegraph, 6 Sep 1928, p.5; ‘Obituary’, BC, 6 Sep 1928, p.19; ‘Shipping Arrivals’, SMH, 19 Jul 1888, p.6; ‘Shipping’, The Telegraph, 9 Feb 1891, p. 2; ‘Obituary’, The Northern Herald, 12, Sep 1928, p.45. Sigismund Henlein appears to have been the Toowoomba representative between June 1891 and approximately Sep 1893; possibly longer. (BC: 'Visitors to Toowoomba', 17 Oct 1891, p.5; 'Club Hotel, Toowoomba', 1 Sep 1892, p.5; ‘General News, Darling Downs Gazette, 13 Sep 1893, p.2.) By 1894, Henry Henlein was a ‘town traveller’ or ‘town representative’ for the Castlemaine Brewery Ltd. (‘Publican’s Presentation’, The Telegraph, 16 May 1894, p.6; ‘Obituary Mr S Henlein’, The Northern Herald, 12 Sep 1928, p.45.)
[15] ‘Townsville’, QPOD 1896, p.508; ‘Townsville Directory’, Wise 1901 Directory Queensland, p.546. The company was still trading in April 1930 (‘Annual Licensing Court’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 3 Apr 1930, p.7.)
[16] Resources, CoT 20113141; ‘no title’, North Queensland Register, 21 Oct 1901, p. 68; 'Successful Rockhampton Tenderers', Morning Bulletin, 23 Oct 1901, p.5. In 1892, Henry James Abbott operated a furniture store in Flinders Street, near the Palace Hotel, with a branch store at Charters Towers. Although declared insolvent in 1896, with debts of about £6,000, by 1902 he was in business again in a new Flinders Street warehouse built by Messrs McLay and Ball. Abbott sold his business later the same year to N Baxter. Abbott also served as a former Chairman of the Thuringowa Divisional Board. (John Mathew (comp), Highways and Byways: The Origin of Townsville Street Names, Townsville Library Service, revd ed. 2008, p.4.)
[17] This included warehouses for: QHR 600815 Walter Reid & Co., Rockhampton (1893); QHR 600793 John M Headrick & Co., Rockhampton (1895, ext. 1911); QHR 602554 W H Paxton & Co., Mackay (1899, ext. c1912); QHR 601489 Goldsbrough, Mort & Co., Rockhampton (1899); QHR 600091 Edwards Dunlop & Co., Brisbane (1900); QHR 600131 Perkins Brewery, Brisbane (c1901); QHR 600791 Walter Reid & Co., Rockhampton (1902); QHR 601142 RS Exton & Co., Brisbane (1907); QHR 600102 Young brothers, Brisbane (1910). Later examples of the place type included: QHR 601610 J G Fearnley & Co., Cairns (c1911); QHR 600103 Perry House, Brisbane (1913, ext. 1923); O’Reilly’s Buildings, Brisbane (1913, ext. 1922; demolished c2015); and QHR 602684 Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan, Gray & Co. Brisbane Ltd, Brisbane (1919).
[18] Following a disastrous fire in Townsville’s town centre in 1881, Flinders Street was declared a first class building area, which required all new buildings to be ‘stone or masonry or metal’. (QHR 600897 Atkinson & Powell Building, Townsville). 
[19] This description is drawn from: historical images (BRN: 418972 & 420196, Townsville City Library, 1903-06, and ANZ Banking Group Ltd Archives, undated, presumed c1925); later newspaper descriptions (‘Carfoots Pty Ltd’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 2 Mar 1938, p.3 and ‘Tenders’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 5 Mar 1938, p.2) and plans (Drawing Sheets 1-5/5, ‘Extensions to Premises for Carfoots Pty Ltd, Townsville’, Architects DB Goodsir and H J Carlyle, Nov 1960).
[20] ‘Britishness’ definition: ‘the fact of being British, or qualities that are considered typical of British people.’ (Cambridge Dictionary online, <https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/britishness#google_vignette>, accessed 4 Jun 2024.
[21] QSA, naturalisation register, Townsville, Item ID: ITM2535236; Queensland State Archives. Item ID ITM1993423 naturalisation evidence and correspondence, 1914 for Sigismund HENLEIN naturalised 1902; Queensland Electoral Roll 1896, p.1061; QSA, ‘Queensland Justices of the Peace 1857-1957’ Index, <https://www.qld.gov.au/recreation/arts/heritage/archives/starting/search-the-records/search-the-records>, accessed Jun 2024; ‘Townsville Grammar School’, BC, 20 Dec 1901, p.4; QGG 1909, no 44, Vol XCII, 6 Mar 1909, p.639; QGG 1911, p.1304; QGG 1907, no 28, Vol LXXXVIII, 9 Feb 1907; QGG 1908, no 105, vol XC, 5 May 1908, p.1207; QGG 1911, Vol XCVLI, no 88, 22 Mar 1911, p.1304; ‘Obituary’, The Northern Herald, 12, Sep 1928, p.45; ‘Notes’, The Queenslander, 25 Feb 1905, p.18; ‘Notes’, The Queenslander, 23 Jun 1906; ‘Townsville Australian Natives’ Association Band’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 21 Jan 1914, p.3. Henlein & Co. Ltd also had its own brand registered by 1920, implying the company owned livestock. (Brands Directory 1920, p,701.)
[22] The reception did not take place, as it was refused by the Archduke. ‘Classified Advertising’, BC, 3 Apr 1893, p.1; ‘Today – April 5’, BC, 5 Apr 1893, p.4; ‘Thursday Island’, The Week, 12 May 1893, p.13; QGG 1910, no 55, vol XCV, 27 Aug 1910, p.511; QGG, No 159, Vol CVII, 23 Dec 1911, p.1655.
[23] ‘Northern Social Gossip’, The Queenslander, 15 Jul 1899, p.101; Jewish Gazette, 19 Jun 1897 cited by Morris S Ochert, ‘Darling Downs Jewry and the Toowoomba Hebrew Congregation’, Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal (AJSHJ), Vol XIII 1997, Part 4, p.562; Queensland marriage index; Queensland birth index.
[24] ‘Obituary’, The Brisbane Courier, 6 Sep 1928, p.19; ‘Obituary Mr S Henlein’, The Herald (Cairns), 12 Sep 1928, p.45.
[25] In 1896, Henry Henlein was listed as resident at Hermit Park, Townsville, while Sigismund Henlein was listed living at Flinders Street. By 1901, Henry Henlein resided in a house named Wiesbaden on Paxton Street, North Ward, while Sigismund lived on Cleveland Terrace, Melton Hill from 1915 to his death in 1928. (QPOD 1896, p.23; ‘Townsville Directory’, Wise 1901 Directory Queensland, p.558; Google Maps, Townsville; ‘Alphabetical Directory’, 1928 Directory Queensland, p.801; Queensland State Electoral Roll for District of Townsville, 1915, vol.12, p.58.)
[26] ‘The Late Mr H F Henlein’, The Telegraph, 16 May 1911, p.11.
[27] ‘Death of Mr H F Henlein’, The Telegraph, 15 May 1911, p.8.
[28] ‘Obituary’, BC, 6 Sep 1928, p.19; ‘The Late Mr H F Henlein’, The Telegraph, 16 May 1911, p.11.
[29] Henlein & Co. Ltd company records, QSA, ITM270661.
[30] QSA, Business Index, <https://www.qld.gov.au/recreation/arts/heritage/archives/starting/search-the-records/search-the-records> accessed May 2024; ‘Townsville Licensing Court’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 2 Apr 1914, p.6; ‘no title’, Townsville Bulletin, 16 Apr 1913, p.4; QGG 1916, no 122, Vol CVII, 30 Sep 1916, p.980; QGG 1918, no 73, Vol CXL, 7 Sep 1918, p.610.
[31] W J Doherty, The Townsville book: a complete sketch of the history, topography and prominent early residents of Townsville, Brisbane: Edwards, Dunlop, 1921, p.63.
[32] Resources, Certificate of Title (CoT) 20113141.
[33] Resources, CoT 20113141. As the building occupied about 10 perches, this suggests that the bank used the front half of the building.
[34] The company had capital of £10,000 comprising 10,000 shares of £1 each. Sigismund and Herbert Moran were the company directors. Signatories to the Articles of Association included Sigismund’s wife, Harriett, son Max Basil, and daughter Setta Henlein. The other bonded stores in Townsville were: Allen & Sons Ltd; Burns, Philp & Co; & Jos Pease. (‘The Bulletin Friday, September 25 1925’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 25 Sep 1925, p.4; QPOD 1928. ’Queensland Trades and Profession’, p.1180.) 
[35] William H Goldring, accountant for Henleins & Co Ltd for about 25 years, managed the firm after the death of Sigismund until his own death in Mar 1929. (‘Obituary’, The Northern Herald (Cairns), 6 Mar 1929, p.7.) The company’s accounts were wound up in May 1931. (Queensland State Archives. Item ID ITM1309623. ‘JE Carr – Correspondence regarding closing of accounts in connection with Henleins Ltd’, 5-22 May 1931.) Henleins Ltd was granted a renewed wholesale spirit license in 1930 implying the company was still trading. (‘Annual’ Licensing Court’, Townsville Bulletin, 3 Apr 1930, p.7.) Probate of Sigismund’s will revealed he left an estate of £11,176, not including real estate. (‘Probate of Will’, The Telegraph, 7 Jun 1929, p.9.) This is equivalent to $1,050,023.76 AUD in 2023. (Reserve Bank of Australia, ‘Pre-Decimal Inflation Calculator’, <https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualPreDecimal.html>, accessed 15 Jul 2024.)
[36] ‘Advertising’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 11 Jul 1934, p.2; no title, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 19 Dec 1951, p.2. Registered as Frasers Henleins Ltd on 3 May 1930 and renamed Fraser Henleins Pty Ltd on 10 December 1933. No evidence of the Henlein family’s involvement in these companies has been found. (QSA Item ID: 270661, Frasers Henleins Ltd company papers.)
[37] QGG 1894-1918. A rough average of about 22 licenced wholesale spirit dealers operated from 1895 to 1918.
[38] Doherty, The Townsville Book, p.63.
[39] ‘Obituary’, Daily Mercury (Mackay), 6 Sep 1928, p.4.
[40] Dorothy M Gibson-Wilde and Bruce C Gibson-Wilde, A Pattern of Pubs: Hotels of Townsville 1864-1914, History Department, James Cook University, Townsville, 1988, p.5.
[41] QHR 600127 The Brisbane Synagogue.
[42] Census of Queensland, 1901 - Part VII, p.182; Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1911, p.755; Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1921, p.354; Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1933, p.1029.
[43] Table XCIII, ABS, Queensland Census 1901, p.193.
[44] Peter Fon, former owner of 14 Kennedy Terrace, pers. comm, May 2019. Re: Hillel surname – see: Jennifer Creese, Jewish Life in Queensland: Celebrating 150 years since 1865, Qld Jewish Board of Deputies Incorporated, 2016, p.126.
[45] ABS, Census of Queensland 1901 – Part VII, pp.182, 185, 193.
[46] QHR 600127 The Brisbane Synagogue.
[47] Ochert, ‘Darling Downs Jewry and the Toowoomba Hebrew Congregation’, pp.555-6.
[48] ABS, Queensland Census 1901, Table XCI showing the number of males, females, and persons returned as belonging to each religious denomination enumerated in each census District in 1901.
[49] Jennifer Creese, Jewish Life in Queensland: Celebrating 150 years since 1865, Queensland Jewish Board of Deputies Incorporated, 2016, pp.16-17; Suzanne D Rutland, The Edge of Diaspora: Two Centuries of Jewish Settlement in Australia, 2nd revised ed. Sydney: Brandl & Schlesinger, 1997, p.107; Suzanne D Rutland, ‘Editor’s Introduction, AJSHJ, p.549; Sarah Edith Charak, ‘A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BA (Hons) in history’, University of Sydney, 2019, p.18 <https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/handle/2123/21137/charak_s_thesis_2019.pdf>, accessed 27 May 2024. The 1930s brought a new wave of immigrants escaping Germany.
[50] Creese, Jewish Life in Queensland, p.4.
[51] Rutland, ‘Editor’s Introduction, AJSHJ, p.549. Examples are: Isaac Gorta (Gortatowsky), shop owner in Gympie (1895-1919) (Sandy Horne, ‘“That Isaac Gorta – he was a good man”: reconstructing the history of a Jewish migrant during Gympie’s gold rush period’, Queensland History Journal, Vol. 22, No. 5, May 2014, pp.416-422); Louis Goldring, general storekeeper, Hughenden from 1878 (Creese, Jewish Life in Queensland, p.124.); the Blumberg brothers, storekeepers at Boonah (Morris S Ochert, ‘The Blumbergs of Blumbergville’, AJHSJ, Vol. 14, Part 1, 1997, pp.45-56.)
[52] Examples are: Ber Rafael Lewin, merchant, in Roma by 1867 (Creese, Jewish Life in Queensland, p.139); and Sigismund Hillman, tailor, in Charters Towers by 1885 (Townsville Daily Bulletin, 25 Sep 1944, p.2).
[53] Jennifer Creese, pers. comm., 29 May 2024, author of Jewish Life in Queensland: Celebrating 150 years since 1865, Milton, Queensland: Queensland Jewish Board of Deputies Incorporated, 2016.
[54] Ochert, ‘Darling Downs Jewry and the Toowoomba Hebrew Congregation’, p.568. 
[55] QHR 601131 South Rockhampton Cemetery, Rockhampton; QHR 602718 Drayton and Toowoomba Cemetery; Rutland, ‘Editor’s Introduction’, AJSHJ, p.549 states: ‘As is true of so many country communities scattered throughout the Eastern states of Australia, the main remnants today of Jewish community in Toowoomba are the Jewish gravestones in the Jewish section of the cemetery in Toowoomba.’
[56] Jennifer Creese, pers. comm., 30 May 2024.
[57] Jennifer Creese, pers. comm., 30 May 2024. The Alderley Arms is the only surviving pub of the four or five that Lipstein managed. Allan & Stark department store leased the building in 1899 then purchased it in 1925. It was renovated to fit in more with the main store façade and a third storey added, but is extant in 2024.
[58] ANZ Group Archive, ‘Townsville History’ re: ESA Bank in Townsville, accessed 4 June 2024; ‘Carfoots Pty Ltd’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 2 Mar 1938, p.3; Resources, CoT 20113141; ‘ES&A Bank Buys Townsville Building’, BC, 14 Jul 1925, p.11; Pugh’s Almanac, 1904-1927 cited by B C Alcorn, ‘Maroochy towns: A Study of Factors Contributing to the Formation and Growth of Towns in a Queensland District’, University of Queensland, Department of History, Master of Arts thesis, 1992, p.118. In 1890, the ES&A Bank held about 5% of deposits and was ranked third in Australia, by deposits, with eight other banks, behind the Bank of New South Wales (15%), Union Bank (10%), Commercial Banking Company of Sydney (10%) and the Bank of Australasia (10%). See: D T Merrett, ANZ Bank: A history of the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited and its Constituents, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1985, p. 36; ANZ Banking Group Ltd Archives; ES&A Bank and Managers Residence, Palmwoods, LHIS database ref ID 650010.
[59] Resources, CoT 20331066.
[60] ‘Carfoots Pty Ltd’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 2 Mar 1938, p.3.
[61] ‘Carfoots Pty Ltd’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 2 Mar 1938, p.3.
[62] ‘Tenders’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 5 Mar 1938, p.2.
[63] ‘Carfoot’s New Premises’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 14 Dec 1938, p.11.
[64] ‘Carfoot’s New Premises’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 14 Dec 1938, p.11.
[65] Queensland World War II historic places website: ‘United States Army Post Office (APO922) - E.S.& A Bank building (English, Scottish & Australian Bank)’ <https://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/place?id=1725>, accessed May 2024; Ian Moles, A Majority of One, p.109 and Darryl McIntyre, Townsville at War 1942, p.53 cited by Trisha Fielding, Queen City of the North: A history of Townsville, Kirwan, Qld; Trisha Anne Fielding, 2016, pp.10-11.
[66] Resources, CoT 20331066; ‘Big Townsville Property Sales’, The Courier-Mail, 3 Feb 1954, p.8; ‘Townsville Properties Sold’, Daily Mercury, 3 Feb 1954, p.16.
[67] Drawing Sheets 1-5/5, ‘Extensions to Premises for Carfoots Pty Ltd, Townsville’, Architects D B Goodsir and H J Carlyle, Nov 1960.
[68] Resources, CoT 20331066; Environmental Protection Agency site visit 2006 images, Department of Environment, Science and Innovation, LHIS database.
[69] Best and Less’ new shop windows were large aluminium-framed glass sliding doors flush with footpath edge, surrounded by blue mosaic tiles.
[70] The new concrete block stairwell likely involved alteration or part demolition of the basement vault, or this was performed later; Drawing Sheets 1-2 ‘Alterations to Premises for Best & Less Townsville’, R A Watkins Pty Ltd, Garbutt, Jan 1977.
[71] Resources, CoT 21074096.

Image gallery