Leslie Park

General

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Also known as

Warwick War Memorial and Gates; Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates; Morgan Memorial

Classification

State Heritage

Register status

Entered

Date entered

21 October 1992

Types

Monuments and memorials: Memorial/monument

Parks/gardens/trees: Public park/reserve

Recreation and entertainment: Playing ground/field / sports ground / oval

Themes

6.3 Building settlements, towns, cities and dwellings: Developing urban services and amenities

8.5 Creating social and cultural institutions: Sport and recreation

8.6 Creating social and cultural institutions: Commemorating significant events

Architect

Roy Campell (Warwick)

Builder

Williams, Frank

Construction periods

1849–1876, Reserve established; transverse pathways created

1906–1909, Croquet and Bowling lawns established

1906–1909, Glengallan gates built and relocated to Warwick

1911–1937, Morgan Memorial created and relocated

Historical period

1840s–1860s Mid-19th century

1919–1930s Interwar period

1939–1945 World War II

Location

Address

Fitzroy Street, Warwick

LGA

Southern Downs Regional Council

Coordinates

-28.2129244, 152.03201603

Significance

Criterion AThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland’s history.

Leslie Park is important in demonstrating the allocation of reserves for public recreation in the establishment of Queensland settlements. This early reserve dates to the 1849 survey of Warwick, and was gazetted as a Reserve for Pubic Recreation by the New South Wales Government in 1855.

Leslie Park retains important surviving evidence of the early layout of the park including pathways, mature plantings and formal gardens, as well as long-term recreational use by the croquet club (1906) and lawn bowls club (1909).

The Warwick War Memorial (1923), War Memorial Gates (1925) and war trophy guns, are important in demonstrating Queensland’s involvement in major world events: World War I (WWI), World War II (WWII) and subsequent conflicts. Memorials are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state and are a tribute from a particular community to those who served and those who died. As the focus of Anzac Day and Remembrance Day ceremonies, war memorials are an important element of Queensland’s towns, and cities and are also significant in demonstrating a common pattern of commemoration across Queensland and Australia.

Criterion DThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

Leslie Park is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early public park reserved from the mid-nineteenth century. These characteristics include grassed areas, pathways, formal plantings, memorials, recreational uses and a formal layout. It includes design influences from the curator of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Walter Hill.

The transverse and axial paths, and croquet and bowling lawns are early and sustained recreational uses of the park.

The Warwick War Memorial and War Memorial Gates are fine examples of well-designed and finely crafted WWI monuments, designed by local architect Roy Campbell and created by Ipswich stonemason Frank Williams, in enduring materials, funded by public subscription, and in a spacious location facilitating community commemoration. The Memorial includes symbolic elements found in War Memorials nationally, including columns (honour), laurel wreath (mourning) the rising sun (national birth) and the Celtic cross (sacrifice). The Memorial Gates include panels bearing the names of Warwick district residents who served and those who died. Together, the memorial and the gates demonstrate the principal characteristics of a war memorial; with their high level of integrity, workmanship and design, complemented by the war trophy guns and memorials to later conflicts.

Criterion EThe place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

Leslie Park; including the War Memorial, War Memorial Gates, croquet and bowling lawns, Morgan Memorial and Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates, makes an important contribution to the aesthetic qualities of the streetscape of Warwick’s town centre. The aesthetic significance of the War Memorial and War Memorial Gates, overlooking the main street of Warwick, lies in their high level of integrity, workmanship and dignified design, set within landscaped surrounds. The formally designed park, with its vistas, planned gardens and historic plantings, provide a verdant backdrop to Warwick, and a place of quiet respite from the activities of the town. The picturesque park has provided a subject for artists and photographers from 1883.

Criterion GThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Leslie Park has a strong association with the Warwick community as a public park providing community recreation since its establishment in 1849.

The Warwick War Memorial and War Memorial Gates, funded by public subscription, have a strong and special association with the people of Warwick. Commemorations at the memorial reflect the wider reverence felt for war memorials across Australia. As a focus for Anzac and Remembrance Day ceremonies, the memorial is highly valued by the community for its spiritual, symbolic, cultural and social associations.

The Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates, installed at Glengallan Homestead [QHR 600007] circa 1868, and donated to the City of Warwick in 1941, commemorate the centenary of the arrival of the first European settlers, the Leslie brothers, to the Darling Downs in 1840, and the subsequent establishment of Warwick.

The memorials provide symbolic meaning for the residents through remembrance ceremonies, and commemoration of Warwick’s history.

Criterion HThe place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland’s history.

Leslie Park, named in 1901, has a special association with the Leslie brothers who are credited with the establishment of Warwick, soon after their settlement of the Darling Downs in 1840. The stone pillars and iron gates, relocated from Glengallan Homestead [QHR 600007] in 1941, were renamed the Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates, when installed in Leslie Park; further honouring the Leslie brothers.

History

Leslie Park in Warwick is one half of a recreation reserve allocated during the first survey of the town in 1849. While the northern section has now been largely built upon, the southern section remains a public park. It was named Leslie Park in 1901, honouring the Leslie brothers; Patrick, George and Walter who established Queensland’s earliest pastoral runs on the Darling Downs in 1840. The park comprises a number of significant elements: the pathways, dating to at least 1867, a croquet club (1906), lawn bowls club (1909), Morgan Memorial (1911), War Memorial (1923), War Memorial Gates (1925), war trophy guns (relocated to Warwick 1921) and the Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates (1941). The Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates were donated to the town in 1941 by the owner of Glengallan Homestead [QHR 600007].

Allan Cunningham, explorer and botanist, was the first European to sight the Darling Downs in 1827; naming the district after Sir Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales (NSW). Cunningham was impressed with the potential of the area which comprised wide expanses of fertile grasslands, rich soils and verdant natural vegetation and gentle climate. Patrick Leslie met Cunningham in 1839 and he and his younger brothers George and Walter, and their sheep flocks, followed Cunningham’s route north. Arriving in May 1840, they selected areas that were to become the pastoral stations ‘Toolburra’ and ‘Canning Downs’ [QHR 600525]. Patrick returned to Sydney to register the runs and Walter Leslie remained on the Darling Downs camped at the end of Leslie’s blazed trail.[1] Numerous grazing runs were taken up on the Downs between June 1840 and 1843.

The Leslie brothers, George and Walter, established themselves on the Downs, with Patrick Leslie initially dividing his time between ‘Canning Downs’ and his uncle’s property near Penrith NSW. Patrick built Newstead House [QHR 600265] in 1846, selling it to his brother-in-law, Captain Wickham in 1847 and returning to the Darling Downs. The town name of Warwick was gazetted in May 1847, replacing ‘Canning Downs’, as a place where Petty Sessions were appointed to be held. According to the memoirs of George’s wife Emmeline, George and Patrick chose the town’s name from a novel by Edward Bulmer Lytton;[2] ‘The Last of the Barons’ (1843).

The Village of Warwick was surveyed by Colonial Surveyor James Burnett in 1849. The town survey included a large recreation reserve comprising two town blocks bounded by Fitzroy, Guy, Victoria and Palmerin Streets. The Warwick Town Square was formally gazetted as a 20 acre (8ha) Reserve for Public Recreation, in December 1855. In May 1861, the five square mile (1295ha) town reserve was proclaimed the Municipality of Warwick.[3]

The Leslie brothers had left the district by this time. George sold ‘Canning Downs’ to his cousin Gilbert Davidson in 1854. Patrick had acquired ‘Goomburra’ run to the north of ‘Glengallan’ in 1848 where he bred horses and ran sheep. Patrick sold both ‘Goomburra’ and the adjoining ‘Gladfield’ in late 1857 and returned to Scotland.[4]

In 1867, the reserve squares in Warwick were divided in two with the opening of Albert Street through the centre. While it was re-gazetted by the Queensland Government in 1869 as one Reserve Square, the sections became known as the Southern and Northern Squares. They were fenced by the Municipal Council, with gates installed at each corner and the reserves planted with ornamental trees and shrubs obtained from Walter Hill, Curator of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens.[5] In 1875 the reserves were described as; ‘two large public squares, planted with lawns, trees, shrubs and flowers [that] were a unique haven from the unpaved, dusty streets’.[6] The park has been the subject of drawings and photographs from 1883.[7]

Walter Hill reported on the parks’ progress in 1876 and made suggestions for their future development, including; laying out existing paths to a width of 14 feet (4.2m) and lining them with suitable trees, with shade trees be planted along the perimeter, 4 feet (1.2m) from the boundary, with allowances made for future plantings. By November 1886, the Southern Square was described as having a pretty appearance with healthy trees … beautiful flower gardens; predominantly roses.[8]

The Warwick City Council became trustee of the recreation squares in May 1888. The squares were renamed in March 1901; the Southern Square became Leslie Park, and the Northern Square, Cunningham Park (now occupied by the Warwick State High School, the Senior Citizens Centre, and the Indoor Recreation and Aquatic Centre). From at least 1901, the council employed professional gardeners to manage its parks; Messrs Stephens and Scott, being praised for the unique display of 100 different varieties of roses in both Leslie and Cunningham Parks in 1902. [9]  

In June 1905 the Croquet Club received permission to establish two croquet lawns at the western end of Leslie Park. It may be that croquet lawns were initially established on the western side of the park and were relocated the northwestern side of the park where they are today. The Warwick Croquet Club was reported as reopening in October 1906, which may suggest relocation. By 1909, the lawn bowling club used the croquet lawn, while their bowling green was being prepared. Tennis courts were in the park from at least 1910, and a band rotunda was erected in 1913. From 1911, council created a boulevard along the eastern end of the park by planting two rows of trees, bordering a path, along Palmerin Street. [10]

The Defence Department allocated two captured artillery guns to Warwick as war trophies in 1920 which were transported to Warwick in 1921.This initiated a fund-raising drive for a war memorial, and a public meeting was held in November 1921. Local architect Roy (Roderick) Campbell (AIF) produced plans for the sandstone memorial and iron gates on stone columns in December 1922. Campbell called for tenders for the project in January 1923. He was concurrently designing and supervising a similar set of memorial gates for Glen Innes, where he also had an office. Ipswich stonemason Frank Williams lodged the successful tender.[11] Two other war memorials had been unveiled in Warwick prior to this: the Footballers Memorial plaque in the Town Hall [QHR 600961] in May 1917 and the Railway Employees Honour Board at the railway station in February 1922 [QHR 600955].

The war memorial and gates were located close to an existing memorial, erected in 1911 on the corner of Palmerin and Fitzroy Streets. The Morgan Family Memorial originally included a fountain. It is built of Helidon sandstone and was designed by local architects Dornbusch and Connolly. It honours James Morgan, his sons Sydney and Sir Arthur Morgan, and Sir Arthur’s sons, Franklin and Arthur Clinton Morgan. James, the proprietor of the Warwick Argus newspaper and his son Arthur were both mayors of Warwick. James was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly while Sir Arthur was premier of Queensland from 1903 to 1906. This memorial was relocated to the corner of Palmerin and Albert Streets in 1937.[12] The date of the removal of the fountain from the memorial is unknown.

The foundation stone for the war memorial was laid on 7 June 1923 by the Prime Minister, Hon S M Bruce. The completed memorial was unveiled by the Governor, His Excellency Sir Matthew Nathan on 5 December 1923. War memorials were the first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of around four million, representing one in five of those who served. Australian memorials are unique in that they commemorate all those who served from a locality. The memorial includes a number of symbolic elements including a laurel wreath (mourning); rising sun (national birth); columns (honour) and it is topped with a Celtic cross (sacrifice).[13] While many Queensland towns provided landscaped parks or gardens to accommodate their memorials, Warwick’s Leslie Park was a natural choice, as the memorial complemented the well-established existing park, along the main street.

The memorial gates, featuring the names of Warwick enlistments, were completed by Frank Williams in October 1924 and were officially opened on Anzac Day 1925, by Sir Littleton Groom and the Mayor, Ald. D Connolly. The gardens were re-designed to enhance the new memorial and gates, with a broader gravel path, edged with formal flower gardens, and a row of palms planted inside the hedges along Palmerin and Fitzroy Streets, (two of which survived to 2017). The war trophy guns were relocated from the Returned Sailors, Soldiers Imperial League of Australia (RSSILA) to Leslie Park in 1938.[14]

Warwick was declared a city in 1935 and the community began planning celebrations of the centenary of the 1840 foundation of the Darling Downs by the Leslie Brothers, and the subsequent founding of Warwick. A committee was formed to plan commemorative events in 1939 there was a desire for a permanent memorial in Leslie Park. The committee was made aware that the Slade family, which owned Glengallan Homestead [QHR 600007] had once offered the homestead gates to the Church of England. Glengallan Homestead was described as picturesque ruins in March 1940, and Oswald Slade eventually donated the iron gates and stone pillars to the council as a centenary memorial. The council funded their relocation and re-erection in Leslie Park. Local monumental mason Reg Booth and stonemason William Thompson began work on the foundations in January 1941. In late May, four marble slabs carrying the words ‘Leslie – Centenary 1840 - Memorial 1940 - Gate’ were added to the four sandstone pillars.[15]

President of the Warwick Centenary Committee, Donald Gunn, performed the opening ceremony on 16 June 1941. His wife was the daughter of John Deuchar, who had built Glengallan Homestead in 1868. Gunn recalled that the gates had been imported from Scotland or England, and thanked the Slade family for the donation of the gates. By 1949, Slade had offered the ‘Glengallan’ estate to the Anglican Church, with the intention of demolishing the house and partially re-erecting it at the Slade School in Warwick.[16]

While the committee of the Warwick and District War Memorial was taking steps to have the names of those killed in World War II (WWII) engraved on the war memorial in 1948,[17] this did not occur until July 1996, when plaques commemorating those who died in WWII, Korea and Vietnam were also added to the eastern side of the memorial  Other war memorial cairns commemorate WWII and conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, Borneo and Malaya; the end of the war with Japan and one dedicated to the Milne Force (2005).

A number of changes to the use of both Leslie and Cunningham Parks were re-gazetted in 1968. Leslie Park (R.644) was gazetted as a Park Reserve in the trusteeship of the Warwick City Council. Aerial photography indicates the tennis courts, established around 1910, were used through to the 1960s.[18]  Cunningham Park was divided into a number of reserves for a swimming pool, playground and park, and school, and was essentially lost as a Recreation Reserve. Changes in Leslie Park include construction of a new rotunda in 1995 on the same site as the original one.[19] The Croquet Club replaced its old equipment shed in 2006[20] and both the croquet and bowls clubs have new club facilities. A new picnic shelter has been built at the centre of the park where the transverse paths meet. [21] This replaces an earlier rockery and fountain, which replaced a gold fish pond, built in the 1930s. A new set of low wrought iron gates on stone pillars (approx. 1m high), reflecting the style of the Memorial Gates, and erected in front of them on the kerbside, are not of state heritage significance.

Leslie Park remains the focal point of community activities in Warwick, being the location for Anzac and Remembrance Day commemorations, low impact sports such as croquet and lawn bowls, a children’s playground, regular markets, events such as Christmas carols and general relaxation and recreation.

Description

Leslie Park is a Park Reserve of just over 4.05ha in Warwick on the Darling Downs. Located within the central business district, it is bounded by Fitzroy, Guy, Albert and Palmerin Streets. Leslie Park comprises a number of significant elements, including lawns crossed with pathways, mature trees, croquet lawns (1906), lawn bowls lawns (1909), the Warwick War Memorial (1923) and War Memorial Gates (1925), the Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates (1941) and the Morgan Memorial (1911).

The park features axial and transverse pathways, between 3.9m and 4.2m wide, generally covered with decomposed granite and edged by the lawn. The paths are lined with large trees of different varieties including mature; Hoop Pines (Araucaria cunninghamii), Bunya Pines, (Araucaria bidwillii), Silky Oaks (Grevillea robusta), Kurrajongs (Brachychiton populneus), one Bottle Tree (Brachychiton rupestris), Bookleaf Pines (Thuja orientalis), Japanese Maple (Acer palmatuma), and Date Palms (Phoenix dactylifera).

The southeastern section of pathway has been concreted providing sealed access from the corner of Palmerin and Fitzroy Streets through the War Memorial Gates, the War Memorial and beyond. Formal parterre gardens on either side of this path, edged in concrete, planted with annuals, are symmetrically arranged either side of the war memorial. The path reverts to gravel beyond the flower gardens, towards the centre of the park.

War Memorial

The War Memorial is situated in the southeastern corner of the park, inside the War Memorial Gates. It stands on a stepped granite base, the upper step of which is rusticated and has a foundation stone on the southwest face. The memorial is a substantial Helidon sandstone and granite structure, standing 10.7m high, and comprises a plinth, pedestal, and surmounting Celtic cross.

The plinth features AIF badges (rising sun), and a marble plaque with leaded lettering listing the 122 local soldiers who died in World War I. The pedestal features four polished granite columns with Corinthian capitals and has a carved wreath, carved lettering The Honoured Dead, and Roman fasces on each corner. The entablature features a frieze with the dates 1914 - 1918 carved in relief. A 1996 plaque commemorating those who died in WWII, Korea and Vietnam is mounted on the eastern side of the memorial.

To the west of the memorial, is a German field gun war trophy, along with a black marble obelisk on a granite base, approximately 1m high, commemorating those who served in Malaya, Borneo, Korea and Vietnam. Standing nearby is a small sandstone plinth with a brass plaque commemorating the 60th anniversary of the end of the war with Japan. On the eastern side of the main memorial, is a German trench mortar gun trophy, and another small sandstone plinth with brass plaque dedicated to the Milne Force. These are all elements of the war memorial precinct of Leslie Park.

War Memorial Gates

The War Memorial Gates comprise four 2.9m high sandstone pillars with rusticated courses. The outer two pillars are surmounted with marble globelike finials and each pillar supports marble tablets with leaded lettering listing those from the district who fought in World War I and returned. A pair of wrought iron swinging gates allows vehicular traffic between the inner pillars and single gates provide for pedestrian traffic between these and the outer pillars.

Croquet and Lawn Bowls Lawns

Two croquet lawns (32m x 25.6m) are located in the northwestern quadrant of the park, facing Albert Street. A bowling green (40m2) is situated within the southeastern quadrant of the park facing Fitzroy Street. All adjacent clubhouses and shade structures are not of cultural heritage significance.

Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates

The Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates, located at the southwestern corner of the park, comprise four 3m high sandstone pillars with rusticated column and base, supporting wrought iron gates with arrow topped bars. The central pillars sit either side of the 4.2m path and support a pair of entry gates. Smaller pedestrian openings are located on either side, each with a single wrought iron gate, approximately 1.2m wide. Both central pillars have been propped at their rear, with galvanised iron piping. Some movement in the foundations have led to the gates being misaligned. Marble plaques with the words ‘Leslie – Centenary 1840 - Memorial 1940- Gate’ have been added to each pillar.

Morgan Memorial

The Morgan Memorial is situated at the northeastern corner of the park at the intersection of Albert and Palmerin Streets. It comprises a coursed sandstone column with capital on a stepped concrete base surmounted by an urn. Marble plates on three sides of the memorial are inscribed details of members of the Morgan family.

Other elements not of cultural heritage significance

Other elements of the park which are not of cultural heritage significance include: the new shelter shed in the centre of the transverse paths; the children’s playground close to Fitzroy Street, and the teenagers’ playground close to Albert Street; the new outdoor theatre space and barbeque between the teenagers’ space and the croquet lawns; the gardeners’ sheds, close to Guy Street; the picnic shelter and barbeque near Guy Street, the public toilets and the winding concrete path on the southern part of the park. The spiral rose garden near Guy Street, reflects the historic planting of roses in Leslie Park, but was not established until the late 1990s.

References

[1] State Library of Queensland, Grass Dukes and Shepherd Kings; Aspects of 19th Century pastoral life on the Darling Downs; exhibition catalogue, 2012; Sydney Herald, 1 May 1840, p.2; Marion Diamond, ‘The Myth of Patrick Leslie’, Queensland History Journal, Vol 20, no 11, August 2009, pp. 612-615.
[2] The Australian, 29 May 1847, p.6; Jane De Falbe, My Dear Miss Macarthur; the recollections of Emmeline Maria Macarthur, 1828-1911, Sydney: 1988, pp. 111-116.
[3] Queensland Places; Warwick online <http://queenslandplaces.com.au/warwick>, accessed 11 May 2017; Survey Plan DD15; The Courier, 27 May 1861, p.2; Survey Plan DD18; Moreton Bay Courier, 1 December 1855, p.2.
[4] Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 1 Feb 1854, p.4; Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 1 Feb 1854, p.4; North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser, 29 December 1857.
[5] Darling Downs Gazette and General Advertiser, 21 December 1867, p.2.
[6] Town and Country Journal, February 1875, p.334, cited in DB Waterson, Squatter, Selector and Storekeeper, a history of the Darling Downs, 1859-93, Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1968, p.83.
[7] Copy of drawing of Southern Reserve, Warwick, 1883, State Library of Queensland.
[8] Warwick Argus and Tenterfield Chronicle: 14 September 1876, p.2; 9 November 1886, p.2.
[9] Titles document 10704067; Warwick Argus, 9 March 1901, p.7; Warwick Examiner and Times: 2 February 1901, p.2; 15 January 1902, p.2.
[10] Warwick Examiner and Times: 10 June 1905, p.8; 20 October 1906, p.8; 12 May 1909, p.8; 20 October 1909, p.8; 20 December 1909, p.6; Brisbane Courier, 16 May 1910; Brisbane Courier, 9 October 1920, p.1; Warwick Examiner and Times, 14 January 1911, p.2.
[11] Warwick Daily News, 11 November 1921, p.2; National Archives of Australia War Service records item # 1855795; Warwick Daily News, 16 December 1922, p.4; Warwick Daily News, 16 January 1923, p.6; Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser, 8 April 1921, p.7; Glen Innes Examiner, 25 June 1923, p.4.
[12] Warwick Examiner and Times, 22 July 1911, p.4.; Monument Australia <http://monumentaustralia.org.au/search>, online, accessed 15 May 2017; Australian Dictionary of Biography, Sir Arthur Morgan, online, accessed 15 May 2017; Warwick Daily News, 25 August 1937, p.4.
[13] McKay, Judith and Richard Allom, Lest We Forget; a guide to the conservation of War Memorials, Everton Park: The Returned Services League of Australia, (Queensland Branch), 1984 p.p. 1- 15.
[14] Brisbane Courier, 27 April 1925, p.9; Warwick Daily News, 25 July 1924, p.2; 25 July 1924, p.2; 4 March 1938, p.4.
[15] Warwick Daily News, 10 May 1940, p.4; 10 May 1940, p.4; Courier Mail, 4 May 1940, p.20; Warwick Daily News, 29 January 1949, p.4; 23 May 1941, p.2.
[16] Warwick Daily News, 17 June 1941, p.2; 2 May 1949, p.p. 1-2.
[17] Warwick Daily News, 9 December 1948, p.2.
[18] Queensland Aerial Photography, <https://qimagery.information.qld.gov.au>, accessed 19 May 2017.
[19] Queensland Government Gazette, 9 November 1968, p.864; held in Reserve file 68/22 Department of Natural Resources and Mines; Titles document 10704067; Information supplied by Southern Downs Regional Council, 18 May 2017.
[20] Development Application, Reserve File Res 13370, Department of Natural Resources and Mines.
[21] In 2009, the Southern Downs Regional Council commissioned a Masterplan and Staging Concept for Leslie Park. The plan establishes precincts within the park to provide a variety of active and passive recreation spaces, including the enhancement of space around the war memorial. The Leslie Centenary Memorial Gates are not mentioned in this report. Chenoweth Environmental Planning and Landscape Architecture; ‘Leslie Park Warwick, Masterplan and Staging Concept.’ 25/03/2009, <http://www.sdrc.qld.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/632/Leslie%20Park%20Master%20Plan%20web.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y>, online accessed 29 May 2017.

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