Maryborough Baby Clinic (former)
- 650256
- 445 Kent Street, Maryborough
- General ( https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650256#tab-general )
- Significance ( https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650256#tab-significance )
- History ( https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650256#tab-history )
- Description ( https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650256#tab-description )
- Maps & Gallery ( https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650256#tab-images )
General
- Classification
- State Heritage
- Register status
- Entered
- Date entered
- 4 December 2020
- Type
- Health and care services: Clinic—maternal and child welfare
- Theme
- 10.3 Providing health and welfare services: Caring for women and children
- Architect
- Queensland Works Department
- Construction period
- 1924, Maryborough Baby Clinic
- Historical period
- 1919–1930s Interwar period
- Style
- Mediterranean
Location
- Address
- 445 Kent Street, Maryborough
- LGA
- Fraser Coast Regional Council
- Coordinates
- -25.537134, 152.701873
Street view
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Significance
Criterion AThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland’s history.
The Maryborough Baby Clinic (former) (1924) is important in demonstrating Queensland’s response to the movement to reduce infant mortality and improve maternal health during the 1920s, by providing health care to babies and their mothers and education in infant welfare and domestic hygiene.
Constructed and operated as a Queensland Government initiative following the introduction of the Maternity Act 1922, the Maryborough Baby Clinic was established as the base for providing vital material and infant health services in the Wide Bay region. In its form, fabric, materials and layout, it is a representative example of a Department of Public Works standard design regional baby clinic.
Criterion DThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
In its form, fabric, materials and layout, the Maryborough Baby Clinic (former) is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Department of Public Works standard design baby clinic of the 1920s. Highly intact, these include its: central location; domestic scale and form with modest classical influences; symmetrical front elevation; masonry construction with timber-framed hip roof and prominent ventilation fleche; open front porch; functional layout comprising central waiting hall, doctor’s office, treatment room, sink room, kitchen, nurse’s room, and retiring room; and use of robust materials with simple detailing including roughcast render, terracotta roof tiles, moulded timber joinery, flat sheet ceilings with decorative timber cover battens and glazed doors and multi-light casement windows and fanlights.
Criterion EThe place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
Highly intact, the Maryborough Baby Clinic (former) is important for its aesthetic significance brought about by its beautiful attributes and contribution to the streetscape of the city. Through its skilful use of classical architectural stylistic features, symmetrical composition, open central porch with columns, hip roof with fleche, the building is an attractive, well-composed design.
The place stands on a prominent corner within a collection of impressive late 19th and early 20th century civic buildings clustered at the centre of Maryborough. Views to the building’s street elevations, and particularly its porch and fleche, are obtained from Lennox and Kent streets. The building is an important contributor to the streetscape through its modest proportions, use of classical architectural style, symmetrical composition, solid materials, hip roof with fleche, and street-facing porch with columns.
History
Maryborough Baby Clinic (former) was built in 1924, and is situated on the prominent corner of Kent and Lennox streets, opposite the Maryborough City Hall (QHR 600698). Following the introduction of the Maternity Act 1922, which was part of a movement to improve the health of mothers and babies, the clinic was one of ten regional clinics built by the Queensland Government throughout the state in the early 1920s. Constructed to a standard, high-quality design by the Department of Public Works, the Maryborough Baby Clinic (former) remains highly intact. The clinic served the Maryborough community until its closure in the mid-1990s.
Maryborough is a regional centre 215km north of Brisbane, and forms part of the traditional land of the Butchulla (Badjala) People. The original township of Maryborough was situated further west upstream on the Mary River, after wharves were established there in 1847-8, to provide transport for wool from sheep stations on the Burnett River. In 1852, the growing town was gradually relocated further downstream where ships were able to better navigate the river. Development followed, and by March 1861 Maryborough was declared a municipality. During the late 1860s and 1870s, Maryborough developed rapidly as the port for the nearby gold rushes in the Gympie area.[1] By the 1920s, Maryborough had a population of more than 10,000 people and was a major regional centre.[2]
In the mid-19th century, deaths of children under five comprised 50 percent of all deaths. While this had been reduced to 11 per cent by the turn of the century, this was still too high. Dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera, diphtheria and typhoid were the main causes in the late 19th century. Mrs Mary McConnel, formerly of Cressbrook Station in the Brisbane Valley, initiated the establishment of the first children’s hospital in 1878 in Brisbane, the second such hospital in Australia. The first resident medical officer for the Brisbane Children’s Hospital, Dr Alfred Jefferis Turner, was appointed in 1889. Turner’s early work was in the eradication of diphtheria. Through his collaboration with Brisbane doctor LN Ashworth, their use of the antitoxin led to a significant drop in the death rate from diphtheria between January 1895 and November 1896. Other significant medical advances made by Brisbane based doctors include the identification of hookworm as the cause of filariasis, the introduction of a test to identify typhoid and the identification of lead in paint as a significant factor in lead poisoning of children, an issue which required a long public campaign to reduce the lead content in paint.[3]
Despite these advances, infant mortality still remained high, being 10.68 per cent of all deaths in 1892 and 10.91 per cent in 1901. Diarrhoeal disease was still a major factor and there was a higher death rate during the summer months, many of which could be attributed to poor infant feeding. Dr Turner embarked on another public health campaign, in educating mothers in the hygienic preparation of food, particularly for those infants not breast fed.[4]
The early 1920s heralded a major public health campaign by the Queensland Government following the introduction of the Maternity Act 1922. As part of a national and international movement to improve the health of mothers and babies, baby clinics were established throughout Queensland.[5] Under the stewardship of the Department of Public Works (DPW), a standard design for the Queensland regional baby clinic was produced.[6] Based on this plan, ten regional clinics were built. These included Rockhampton, Townsville (demolished), Ipswich, Toowoomba, Bundaberg, Gympie, Mackay, Charters Towers, Warwick and Maryborough. The Rockhampton clinic was the first to be opened on Saturday 27 October 1923. It was described in the 1924 DPW Report:
A compact tile-roofed one-storey reinforced cement plaster building of attractive design, containing waiting hall 16 ft by 16 ft; a doctor's room 12 ft by 11 ft; treatment room 13 ft by 11 ft; retiring and nurse’s rooms 11ft by 10 ft with water closet, lavatories, store, press etc. Modern fittings and furnishings have been installed throughout and a septic system provided for conveniences.[7]
Specifications for the Rockhampton Clinic are indicative of those used for the standardised designed clinics. They were domestic in scale, included Classical architectural treatments to the street-fronting elevations and included interior treatments that were hygienic and easily cleaned. Generally, the foundations were altered to suit individual sites, but essentially the same elevations and floor plans were adapted from the original plan. Some clinics had a bathroom added adjacent to the kitchen if the nurse lived on site, and others had a tool room included, adjacent to the sink room, to enable the gardener to maintain the grounds.[8]
The government was eager to have a baby clinic established in Maryborough, to serve the major regional town and its district. Following a visit in March 1923, the Home Secretary, Mr William McCormack, identified an appropriate site for a new baby clinic - a vacant lot on the corner of Kent and Lennox streets, adjacent to the stately Maryborough School of Arts (QHR 600701) and opposite the grand Maryborough City Hall (QHR 600698).[9] Between 1876 and 1908, this had been the site of the first town hall. The old town hall had become dilapidated, and amidst community support, removed from the site in 1908.[10]
In 1910, the vacant lot was granted by the government for a new technical college. By the early 1920s, however, this was yet to be constructed.[11] In April 1923, it was announced that the former college reserve would be the site for a new baby clinic.[12] Following the completion of the plans by the DPW, the construction of the clinic began in late 1923 and finished by September 1924. The official opening ceremony, attended by several dignitaries including the Assistant Home Secretary, MJ Kirwan MLA, was held on the afternoon of Saturday 13 September 1924.[13] The new clinic was described in the local newspaper:
[The clinic] will be of reinforced concrete, with the partitions of the same material … the roof will be of Marseilles tiles, and will be surmounted by a fleche … which will add to the ornamental effect as well as provide for utility. The frontage of the building will be to Kent Street and will stand about 10 feet from the footpath. The clinic will contain several rooms, the dimensions of the whole building being 40 feet frontage and 37 feet in depth. A porch entrance will be provided and off this will be a waiting hall … [there] will be the doctors’ and nurses’ rooms, treatment room, retiring room, and a kitchen and sink room, while the various conveniences will be provided for.[14]
Two nurses were appointed for the clinic, with Ms MA McLean in charge. The doctor for the clinic was Honorary Medical Officer, Dr HC Garde.[15] An attractive timber fence, which had been built as early as 1910, was in good condition and retained.[16]
The establishment of baby clinics throughout Queensland was financed through the profits of the state run lottery, the Golden Casket, established in 1920. The Maternity Act 1922 sought to decrease the death rate for mothers and babies; to increase the birth-rate; to expand outback settlement and to train mothers how to care for children and essentially develop a healthy population. The Act also initiated the establishment of a network of free maternity hospitals throughout Queensland, managed under the Motherhood, Child Welfare and Hospital Fund.[17]
In response to the high infant death rate at the turn of the 20th century, Queensland’s first baby clinic had opened in Brisbane in 1908 and was attended by Dr Turner, who saw up to 100 babies a week, free of charge.[18] Following a conference on child welfare in Sydney in 1916, representatives of women's organisations, benevolent societies and the Crèche and Kindergarten Association lobbied the Home Secretary, John Huxham to establish a network of baby clinics in Queensland. In August 1917, he announced that three clinics would be built, which was later expanded to four. At that time the first baby clinic had just been built in Victoria, while New South Wales already had eleven. All were based on the philosophy of New Zealand doctor, Frederick Truby King, which promoted breast feeding, the training of nurses in maternal and infant welfare and the education of mothers in domestic hygiene.
A national agenda for public health and social reform was implicit in the growth of the town planning movement. The second Australian Town Planning Conference and Exhibition held in Brisbane in mid-1918 included a display illustrating the proper care of babies. The organiser of this conference was Charles Edward Chuter, an officer of the Home Secretary's Department, who was to have a significant impact on local government and on the health system in Queensland. He had managed the finances of the Brisbane General Hospital from 1917, and sought the means to implement the social policies of the recently elected Labour government of T J Ryan. Chuter established the Motherhood, Child Welfare and Hospital Fund, which was financed through the Golden Casket Lottery. He also had significant input into the drafting of the Maternity Act 1922. The decision to operate a regular lottery from 1920, with the profits deposited into the Hospital Trust Account, financed a major building program in maternity hospitals and baby clinics.[19]
The first government baby clinic in Queensland opened in a rented cottage in Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley (Brisbane) on 8 March 1918, managed by Matron Florence Chatfield of the Diamantina Hospital. Three more clinics opened shortly after at Woolloongabba, Spring Hill and West End. Nurse Chatfield travelled north in October 1920, seeking suitable sites to build clinics in Cairns, Townsville and Rockhampton, preferring a central location, close to the shopping areas and close to public transport. She also sought support from at least one doctor in each town to act as the Honorary Medical Officer, attached to the clinic.
Between October 1923 and November 1924, new baby clinics were erected at Rockhampton, Townsville (now demolished), Ipswich, Toowoomba, Cairns (now demolished), Bundaberg and Maryborough. A new Fortitude Valley Clinic, replacing the Brunswick Street clinic, opened in 1924, and included a training school for nurses. The training centre staff had been educated in both New Zealand and Sydney and the centre produced eight graduates in 1924 and eleven in 1925.[20]
Once in operation, the centrally located Maryborough Baby Clinic proved a valuable facility for both mothers from Maryborough and those from surrounding districts. The work of the nurses was to give advice:
to expectant mothers in matters regarding their own health and that of their babies, before and after birth; to visit all newborn infants within their districts so far as possible; to distribute leaflets and invite the mothers to visit the clinics; to encourage natural feeding of infants … to advise medical or hospital treatment for such cases as may need it; and to educate the women of Queensland in mothercraft, so that the next generation will be stronger, wiser and happier.[21]
Accommodation for one nurse was provided in the clinic building. As well as tending to mothers visiting the clinic, the nurses were expected to make home visits to those unable to travel into Maryborough. There were also branch baby clinics set up in Pialba, Biggenden, Howard and Childers, with a nurse from the Maryborough clinic visiting once a week.[22]
In 1924, it was reported that the establishment of baby clinics in Queensland was proving to be a success with ‘40,356 attendances at clinics’ throughout the state.[23] Specifically, in December 1927, the Maryborough clinic recorded 629 new births for that year, with the rate of infant mortality decreasing.[24] By February 1930, attendances at the clinic had reached 726 per month.[25]
In 1940 the Kent and Lennox streets corner of the clinic site was truncated by the Maryborough City Council in an attempt to improve traffic safety. It was agreed that the existing fence would be realigned to accommodate this.[26] By the early 1960s, this timber fence was deemed beyond repair by the DPW and was subsequently replaced with the current tubular pipe-framed chain wire fence in 1960.[27]
In 1965, a rear extension was constructed to provide extra room for the clinic. It consisted of a new laundry, bathroom and public toilet. Minor alterations were made to the clinic building at this time including changing the use of one of the rooms for extra accommodation for the nurses.[28] In 1977, a carport was built at the Lennox Street side of the clinic. The clinic continued to serve the Maryborough community until its closure in the mid-1990s. [29] It was then leased to several commercial tenancies until the property was sold to the Fraser Coast Regional Council in 2020.[30]
The Maryborough Baby Clinic (former), established in 1924, following the introduction of the Maternity Act 1922, played a central role in the health and wellbeing of mothers and their babies throughout the Maryborough district for more than 70 years. The clinic is a highly intact example of the Department of Public Works’ standard design for regional baby clinics. Prominently sited, the finely designed building makes a positive contribution to the streetscape of Maryborough's civic centre.
Description
The Maryborough Baby Clinic (former) is located in the Maryborough central business district at the corner of Kent and Lennox streets. Domestic in scale and appearance, the building faces southeast toward Kent Street and is sited in an open yard providing views to the building from Kent and Lennox Streets. The baby clinic is a strong contributor to the streetscape of late 19th century and early 20th century masonry civic buildings of a similar quality of design and detail.
The Maryborough Baby Clinic Building (former) is an intact single-storey concrete building with a roughcast finish. It is approximately T-shaped in plan and has a hip roof with a prominent fleche at the centre of the ridge. The front (southwest) elevation is symmetrical with a central recessed entry porch flanked by two pairs of Tuscan order columns. The main entrance is from the front porch, accessed via a central cascading stair, which leads to the central waiting hall.
The interior layout reflects the building’s use as a baby clinic with former doctor, nurse, retiring and treatment rooms opening from a large central waiting room. Leading off the central waiting room, a short hallway accesses a sink room and kitchen at the rear (northeast) of the building. The doctor’s room is connected directly to the treatment room and from there through to the sink room.
Minor alterations have been made to the building over time which are not of state-level cultural heritage significance. The linen presses (cupboards) in the waiting hall have been altered to open in to the rear rooms. The nurses’ room store and adjoining toilet have been combined by demolishing the partition between, creating one larger room. Original sinks have been removed and some doors replaced. A small extension (1960s) has been made to the rear of the building, requiring the infill of the rear windows.
Features of the Maryborough Baby Clinic (former) of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
- central location in town and orientation to Kent Street, a principal thoroughfare of the town
- single-storey, low-set, freestanding form in an open yard
- views from Kent and Lennox streets to the front and north-western sides of the building, particularly to the front entrance porch, columns and roof fleche across its yard
- concrete foundation and wall construction with timber-framed floors and roof
- exterior finish to walls: smooth rendered base with roughcast above
- hip roof clad in terracotta roof tiles
- ventilated eaves lined with narrow timber battens
- central timber-framed metal sheet-clad ventilated roof fleche at ridge line
- symmetrical composition of front elevation
- central recessed entry porch including cascading concrete steps; concrete floor; concrete Tuscan order columns; and fibre cement sheet-lined ceiling with cover strips in a decorative pattern and timber lattice ventilation grille set diagonally
- internal layout comprising central waiting hall with presses, doctor’s office, treatment room, retiring room with attached toilet, nurse’s room with attached store, rear hallway, sink room and kitchen
- connecting doorways between doctor’s office, treatment room and sink room
- timber board-lined floors
- plaster-finished concrete walls with coving and chamfering at wall corners and junction of wall and floor
- fibre cement sheet-lined ceilings with timber batten cover strips in decorative arrangement
- original timber-framed doors: half-glazed timber panel double doors (front) with operable multi-light fanlight; and high-waisted, half-glazed, two-panel doors (internal) with operable fanlights
- original timber-framed windows: multi-light casement windows with operable multi-light fanlights
- original figured (arctic/Kosciusko) glass in doors, fanlights, and front windows of waiting hall; and original flat clear glass in other windows
- original timber joinery including moulded window sills; skirting boards, flat wall battens and moulded picture rails in waiting hall
- original brass door, window and fanlight hardware
Features of the Maryborough Baby Clinic (former) not of state-level cultural heritage significance include:
- landscaping including concrete front path to porch, concrete garden beds, metal pipe and chain wire boundary fence, signs, services and vegetation
- carport (1977) and concrete driveway located to the northeast of the Baby Clinic building
- rear extension (1960s) including external concrete ramp
- alterations to original fabric including infill of press doorways; new openings made in rear wall of press into kitchen and sink room; removal of partition between toilet and store; infill of original store doorway; new opening and infill to store from waiting hall; infill of rear windows
- non-original carpets and floor coverings
- non-original cabinets in sink room
- non-original doors (flush panel and modern routed panel)
- non-original single-pane clear fanlight above sink room window (within original fanlight opening)
- roller blinds over windows
- non-original rainwater goods and non-original gutters
- air conditioning systems, fans, lights and cables
- infill to all interior ceiling ventilation grilles
References
[1] Entry on the Queensland Heritage Register, Maryborough City Hall (QHR 600698); Original Maryborough Town Site (QHR 602393).
[2] Queensland Places, ‘Maryborough’, University of Queensland <https://queenslandplaces.com.au/maryborough> Accessed 27 July 2020.
[3] Heritage Branch, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Report: Temple of the Babes, Maternal and Child Welfare Clinics in Queensland – A Study of the Standard Design Regional Clinics Built Between 1923 and 1930, 2011, pp.3-4.
[4] Heritage Branch, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Report: Temple of the Babes, Maternal and Child Welfare Clinics in Queensland – A Study of the Standard Design Regional Clinics Built Between 1923 and 1930, 2011, pp.3-4; Thearle, John and Helen Gregory, ‘Saving the Children: Brisbane Medical Triumphs of the 1890s’, in Brisbane History Group Papers No 3, Brisbane Housing, Health, The River and The Arts, 1985, pp.71 – 77.
[5] Entry on the Queensland Heritage Register, Gympie Town Hall Reserve Complex (QHR 602789); Selby, Wendy, ‘Maternity Hospitals and Baby Clinics’ in Fevers and Frontiers, John Pearn and Mervyn Cobcroft (eds), Brisbane, Amphion Press, p.199; Maternity Act of 1922, Government Gazette, 1922, Vol 2, pp. 1047 – 1049.
[6] Entry on the Queensland Heritage Register, Silkstone State School (QHR 650091).
[7] Queensland Parliamentary Papers, Reports of Department of Public Works, 1922-1930; A baby clinic was established in Cairns at this time, however, it was not of the standard design and is no longer extant.
[8] Heritage Branch, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Report: Temple of the Babes, Maternal and Child Welfare Clinics in Queensland – A Study of the Standard Design Regional Clinics Built Between 1923 and 1930, 2011, p.7.
[9] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 2 March 1923, p.6; 23 February 1923, p.4.
[10] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 17 June 1908, p.2; 9 December 1908, p.2; 15 January 1909, p.3; The old town hall was moved to a site in nearby Richmond Street (95 Richmond Street in 2020).
[11] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 16 April 1910, p.3; 13 February 1911, p.6; 20 May 1920, p.4; 22 June 1920, p.2; At this time, the already existing technical college’s classes were held in the School of Arts building, where accommodation was strained. Debate between the college’s committee members in relation to the suitability of the small 1 rood 36 perch (1920m²) site resulted in another location, beside the grammar school (Maryborough State High School in 2020, QHR 600697), being granted by the government for the technical college in 1920.
[12] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 30 April 1923, p.4.
[13] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 11 September 1924, p.4; 15 September 1924, p.4.
[14] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 18 October 1923, p.6.
[15] The Telegraph, 16 September 1924, p.5.
[16] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 7 November 1910, p.5; QSA, ‘Maryborough Baby Clinic’, Memo from Department of Public Instruction, 14 March 1923, Batch No. K13, Item No. 131356.
[17] Heritage Branch, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Report: Temple of the Babes, Maternal and Child Welfare Clinics in Queensland – A Study of the Standard Design Regional Clinics Built Between 1923 and 1930, 2011, p.3; Entry on the Queensland Heritage Register, Gympie Town Hall Reserve Complex (QHR 602789); Selby, Wendy, ‘Maternity Hospitals and Baby Clinics’ in Fevers and Frontiers, John Pearn and Mervyn Cobcroft (eds), Brisbane, Amphion Press, p.199; Maternity Act of 1922, Government Gazette, 1922, Vol 2, pp. 1047 – 1049.
[18] Heritage Branch, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Report: Temple of the Babes, Maternal and Child Welfare Clinics in Queensland – A Study of the Standard Design Regional Clinics Built Between 1923 and 1930, 2011, p.3 - 4; Entry on the Queensland Heritage Register, Gympie Town Hall Reserve Complex (QHR 602789).
[19] Heritage Branch, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Report: Temple of the Babes, Maternal and Child Welfare Clinics in Queensland – A Study of the Standard Design Regional Clinics Built Between 1923 and 1930, 2011, p.3-5; Entry on the Queensland Heritage Register, Gympie Town Hall Reserve Complex (QHR 602789).
[20] Heritage Branch, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Report: Temple of the Babes, Maternal and Child Welfare Clinics in Queensland – A Study of the Standard Design Regional Clinics Built Between 1923 and 1930, 2011, p.6-7; Entry on the Queensland Heritage Register, Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre (QHR 602788); Thirty-five maternity wards were built in hospitals across the state at this time. Between 1926 and 1930 baby clinics were erected at Gympie, Mackay, Charters Towers and Warwick, with new substantial brick clinics built at Woolloongabba and Herschel Street in the city.
[21] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 11 August 1928, p.10.
[22] Wendy Selby, ‘Baby Clinics, Infant Mortality and Mothers: Another Side of the Story’, Oral History Association of Australia Journal, No.15, 1993, pp.65-67; QSA, ‘Maryborough Maternal and Child Welfare’, Memo to the Department of Public Works, 18 December 1958, Batch No. K13, Item No. 131354; Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 4 May 1937, p.6; 8 July 1946, p.2.
[23] The Daily Mail, 31 December 1924, p.10.
[24] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 8 December 1928, p.6.
[25] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 14 March 1930, p.6.
[26] Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 21 August 1940, p.4; 13 July 1940, p.5.
[27] QSA, ‘Maryborough Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic’, Memo, Department of Public Works, 20 June 1960, Batch No. K13, Item No. 131354.
[28] QSA, ‘Loan Program, 1964/1965’, Memo from the Department of Works to Department of Health, 23 February 1965, Batch No. K13, Item No. 131354.
[29] Queensland Health, Heritage Survey, Site Assessments, Volume 2, June 1996, WB28/1-2.
[30] Title Deed, L9 SP 280415, Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, Queensland.
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